Understanding PCOS: A Guide to Managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

A number of women worldwide suffer from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), yet it often remains underdiagnosed and poorly understood. This hormonal disorder can lead to a lot of different signs, from periods that are irregular to problems with fertility, as well as long-term health risks like diabetes and heart disease. But what exactly is PCOS, and how can we control it? The following article explains what PCOS is, its potential causes, its symptoms, how to manage it, and how to treat it best.

What is PCOS?

A hormonal imbalance that arises during the reproductive years is known as polycystic ovarian syndrome, or PCOS. Individuals with PCOS might experience less frequent or irregular menstrual periods. Alternatively, you may experience long-lasting periods. It is possible that you have an elevated level of the hormone called androgen in your body.

PCOS leads to the formation of multiple small fluid-filled sacs along the outer edge of the ovary. These are known as cysts. The small cysts filled with fluid contain eggs that have not yet matured. These are called follicles. The follicles do not routinely release eggs.

A combination of factors could cause PCOS, although the precise cause is unknown. These include elevated levels of androgens, insulin resistance, and an irregular menstrual cycle.

Early identification and treatment, together with weight loss, may reduce the risk of long-term problems. 

PCOS Symptoms

The following are the common indicators/symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):

- PCOS is one of the most prevalent reasons for infertility among women.
- In terms of obesity, up to four out of five women with PCOS are obese.
- Over seven out of ten women with PCOS suffer from hirsutism, which is characterized by excessive hair development on the face, chest, belly, or upper thighs.
- Persistent acne or acne that arises after the teenage years and does not improve with standard treatments.
- The patches of thickened, darkened, velvety skin may be seen. This is known as acanthosis nigricans.
- Irregular menstrual periods—Menstrual disorders may encompass a range of issues such as missed periods, irregular occurrences, excessively heavy flow, or unpredictable cycles.
- The ovaries contain several little sacs filled with fluid.
- Skin that tends to be oily.
- Polycystic ovaries—You may have larger ovaries. Around the ovary's edge, many follicles with immature eggs may form. The ovaries may not function as needed.
- Excessive levels of androgen—Elevated levels of the hormone androgen can lead to an increase in facial and body hair. This condition is referred to as hirsutism. At times, one may also experience severe acne alongside male-pattern baldness.

Although the precise root cause of PCOS is unknown, a variety of variables may contribute to the condition. These include irregular menstruation, elevated levels of androgen hormones, and insulin resistance.

Let us go through some causes and factors in detail:
 

Insulin resistance and hormonal imbalances

The pancreas produces the hormone insulin. This enables cells to utilize sugar, which serves as the main source of energy for your body. When cells develop insulin resistance, blood sugar levels may increase. This may lead your body to produce additional insulin to lower the blood sugar level.

Excessive insulin may lead your body to produce an increased amount of the hormone androgen. There may be challenges related to ovulation, which is the process of releasing eggs from the ovary.
A notable indication of insulin resistance is the presence of dark, velvety patches of skin located on the lower neck, armpits, groin, or beneath the breasts. An increased appetite and weight gain could also be indicative of other signs.

Chronic low-level inflammation

White blood cells produce substances in reaction to infection or injury. Low-grade inflammation is the term used to describe this response. Studies indicate that individuals with PCOS experience a form of chronic, low-grade inflammation, which may also play a role by stimulating the ovaries to produce excess androgens. This could potentially lead to problems with the heart and blood vessels.

Elevated levels of androgen

In cases of PCOS, the ovaries can generate elevated levels of androgen. High levels of androgen can interfere with the ovulation process. This suggests that the follicles in which eggs form do not consistently mature and expel them. Acne and hirsutism can also be caused by too much androgen.

Studies and research suggest that certain genes could be linked to PCOS. A family history of PCOS could increase the chances of developing the condition.
A family history of PCOS or associated conditions such as diabetes may elevate the risk.

PCOS is among the leading factors contributing to infertility in women. People frequently discuss the impact of PCOS on fertility. Irregular ovulation or anovulation, which refers to the absence of ovulation, can pose challenges when trying to conceive. Nonetheless, it is important to note that not every woman with PCOS experiences infertility. Approaches such as lifestyle modifications, medicines, or advanced fertility therapies may significantly increase pregnancy chances.

The complications associated with PCOS may include the following:
- Challenges related to infertility
- Obstetrical diabetes or elevated blood pressure during pregnancy poses significant challenges
- Pre-diabetes or type 2 diabetes
- Premature birth or miscarriage
- Endometrial cancer: A condition that affects the lining of the uterus
- Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A serious condition characterized by inflammation of the liver due to the accumulation of fat within the organ
- Metabolic syndrome: A combination of conditions such as elevated blood pressure, high blood sugar, and unhealthy cholesterol or triglyceride levels, which notably heighten your risk of cardiovascular disease
- Sleep apnea: A condition where breathing is interrupted while sleeping
- Anxiety, depression, and eating disorders
- Obesity is frequently associated with PCOS and could worsen the complications related to the condition.

Although a cure for PCOS is not yet available, there are several treatments that can assist in minimizing and managing the symptoms. Individuals experiencing irregular menstrual cycles, difficulties with conception, or excessive acne and hair growth should feel free to consult a healthcare professional. Lifestyle adjustments can alleviate certain symptoms of PCOS. Maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in regular physical activity can assist in weight management and lower the likelihood of developing type 2 diabetes. Contraceptive pills can assist in regulating the menstrual cycle and lessening symptoms.

There are additional medications available that can help manage acne or excessive hair growth, fertility issues, and irregular menstrual cycles associated with PCOS. Infertility treatments related to PCOS may involve lifestyle modifications, medications, or surgical options aimed at promoting regular ovulation. In cases where fertility medications do not yield the desired results, a straightforward surgical option might be suggested.

When to Seek Help?

Consulting your doctor is essential if you encounter irregular periods, challenges with conception, or symptoms such as excessive hair growth or severe acne. Timely diagnosis and personalized treatment can assist in effectively managing symptoms and minimizing long-term risks of PCOS.

Conclusion

PCOS is a long-lasting condition that can influence various facets of the health of a woman. However, when properly managed, many women enjoy healthy, satisfying lives, which include starting families. The secret is to completely understand the situation and work together with healthcare professionals to choose the best course of action, whether that be through medical interventions, lifestyle changes, or fertility treatments.