Understanding Vaginal Infections: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Vaginal infections, commonly referred to as "vaginitis," impact several women across the globe. Infections may occur as a result of several factors, such as imbalances in the natural vaginal flora, an overgrowth of fungi, or the presence of parasitic infections. Although they are typically manageable with prompt treatment, these issues can lead to discomfort, impact daily activities, and, in certain situations, result in complications if not addressed at the right time.

It is important to understand the various types of vaginal infections; these include bacterial vaginosis (BV), yeast infections, vaginal atrophy (atrophic vaginitis), and trichomoniasis, to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Every type has distinct symptoms and necessitates tailored interventions and treatments, underscoring the significance of knowledgeable care.

Vaginal Infections: What is Vaginitis?

Vaginitis refers to the inflammatory/swollen conditions of the vagina. The condition can lead to symptoms such as burning, itching, an unpleasant odour, or an increased amount of discharge. The cause is typically a shift in the balance of the vaginal bacteria or an existing infection. Decreased estrogen levels following menopause, along with certain skin conditions, may also contribute to the occurrence of vaginitis.

This is one of the most common reasons people consult an obstetrician-gynaecologist. Vaginitis can arise from various factors, and the underlying cause determines the appropriate treatment. The approach to treatment varies based on the specific type of vaginitis you have.

Here is a detailed look at the types of vaginal infections:

Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) arises when a healthy balance of bacteria in the vagina is disturbed, leading to an overgrowth of harmful anaerobic bacteria. Douching, having new or multiple sexual partners, and having a natural lack of lactobacilli, the "good" bacteria that maintain the health of your vaginal tract, can all increase the likelihood of developing this condition.

The signs and symptoms of bacterial vaginosis tend to include a thin, greyish/white/green discharge accompanied by an odd and fishy odour. Burning sensations during urinating and itching feelings in the vaginal area are also signs of BV. Treatment generally includes the use of prescription antibiotics. Neglecting BV can result in complications, including a heightened risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Many women with bacterial vaginosis may not even show any symptoms.

Yeast Infections (Vaginal Candidiasis)

A small quantity of the fungus Candida exists naturally in the vagina, but an overgrowth of it causes vaginal yeast infections. The yeast infection that is usually brought about by Candida albicans is the most prevalent kind of fungus. A number of variables, including taking antibiotics, higher estrogen levels, unsupervised diabetes, a weak immune system, or the utilization of birth control pills or hormone therapy that increase the levels of the hormone estrogen. This might lead to this overgrowth.

Symptoms may consist of severe itching, redness, and a thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese. Antifungal creams and suppositories that are available without a prescription are beneficial usually; nevertheless, prolonged treatment may be necessary for recurrent infections. The other types of candida fungus which cause yeast infections might be difficult and tougher to treat.

Trichomoniasis

A parasite causes trichomoniasis, which commonly spreads through sexual contact. Symptoms might consist of a yellow-green discharge accompanied by a strong odour, as well as itching and discomfort during urination or intercourse. In contrast to BV or yeast infections, trichomoniasis necessitates treatment with oral antibiotics such as tinidazole and metronidazole for both the individual suffering from it and their sexual partners.

Vaginal atrophy (Atrophic Vaginitis)

The condition including weakening, thinning, dryness, and inflammation of the walls of the vagina is known as vaginal atrophy (atrophic vaginitis). This can happen when your body produces less estrogen. Vaginal atrophy mostly happens following menopause.

For numerous women, vaginal atrophy can result in discomfort during intimacy and cause troubling urinary symptoms. As a result of the condition's influence on vaginal as well as urinary symptoms, medical practitioners refer to it as the GSM/genitourinary syndrome of menopause. To incorporate vaginal atrophy and the repercussions that are associated with it. There are straightforward and effective treatments for genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Non-infectious Vaginitis

There is a possibility that fragrant detergents, vaginal sprays, douches, and certain perfumed soaps could irritate the vaginal tissues and the vulvar, as well as induce an allergic reaction. Objects, including toilet paper, sanitary towels, or overlooked tampons, can lead to irritation of the vaginal tissues.

Vaginal Infections Triggering Factors

Several factors can elevate the risk of triggering vaginitis/vaginal infections, including:

- Intercourse
- Diabetes that is not well-managed
- The use of medication like antibiotics and medication with steroids
- Having an infection that is transmitted sexually.
- Using personal hygiene products like deodorant, vaginal spray, or bubble bath.
- Hormonal fluctuations, including those brought on by menopause, pregnancy, or birth control.
- Wearing clothing that is damp or snug-fitting
- Utilizing an IUD/intrauterine device for pregnancy management
- Using a fluid or liquid solution to clean the vagina, which is termed vaginal douching.
- Organizations highlight that women who have vaginosis caused by bacteria and trichomoniasis face an increased risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections due to the inflammation associated with these conditions. 

How Vaginitis Can Be Prevented?

- Please refrain from douching.
- Use of scented tampons or feminine hygiene sprays is not advised.
- It is advisable to use condoms and practice safe intercourse.
- Clean the vulva/vaginal opening using plain warm water. Soaps and detergents have the potential to alter the natural balance of organisms within the vagina.
- Avoid baths, showers, hot/thermal tubs, and whirlpool spas.
- Steer clear of skin irritants.
- Use cotton under wears.
- In the case that you have been taking antibiotics for a different infection, it is imperative that you seek the advice of your obstetrician-gynaecologist on the prevention of yeast infections.

It is crucial to meet the doctor if the symptoms continue to be present following the treatment.

- You might experience significant itching, swelling, or discomfort.
- If you are experiencing and undergoing the symptoms of a yeast infection for the first time.
- There may be an unusual or persistent odour or discharge from the vagina.
- Recurrent infections.
- If your symptoms persist despite using over-the-counter anti-fungal vaginal creams or medications, it may be time to seek further evaluation.
- If you have any odd discharge, burning, discomfort, or out-of-the-ordinary vaginal bleeding and spotting.
- Certain infections, especially when left untreated like bacterial vaginosis, may lead to long-term complications. This includes the potential risk of complications at the time of pregnancy, such as premature delivery or a low weight at birth.

Conclusion

Vaginal infections are a prevalent concern, yet they are manageable with appropriate treatment. Grasping the kind of infection and obtaining prompt medical guidance is essential for effective management and the prevention of complications.